Izimbangela Ezi-5 Ezivamile Zokwehluleka Kokuthwala Imithwalo Ye ...

Kungani Kubalulekile Ukuthwala Ukwehluleka

Amabheringi ezimboniziyizingxenye ezakhiwe ngokunemba ezenzelwe ukwenza kube lula ukunyakaza kokujikeleza ngenkathi kunciphisa ukungqubuzana nokuphatha amandla athile omthwalo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zelebhu, i-rolling element bearing izosebenza ize ifinyelele impilo yayo yokukhathala ye-L10—isilinganiso sezibalo esibonisa ukuthi ama-90% abantu abanikezwe i-bearing bazosinda inani elithile lokuguquguquka ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukukhathala kwensimbi. Ezinhlelweni eziningi zezimboni, le mpilo ye-L10 ibalwa ukuthi idlule amahora okusebenza aqhubekayo ayi-100,000.

Kodwa-ke, idatha yemboni eqinisekisiwe yembula ukuthi ngaphansi kuka-10% wama-bearings afinyelela umkhawulo wawo wokukhathala wobunjiniyela. Iningi lawo linqotshwa ukwehluleka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi okubangelwa yiziguquguquko zangaphandle zokusebenza, ezemvelo, noma zemishini. Ukuqonda izindlela zalokhu kwehluleka kubalulekile konjiniyela bezitshalo abafuna ukuthuthukisa ukuthembeka kwempahla nokukhulisa isikhathi sokusebenza.

Incazelo kanye nezimpawu zokuxwayisa zakuqala

Ukwehluleka kokuthwala kuchazwa ngokusemthethweni njengendawo lapho i-bearing ingasakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wayo odingekayo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yokusebenza ethile, evame ukubonakala njengokuwohloka kwezinto emigwaqweni yomjaho noma ezintweni ezigoqekayo. Ukuqhubekela phambili ekuhlulekeni kokusebenza akuvamile ukwenzeka ngokushesha; kulandela ijika lokuwohloka elibikezelwayo elaziwa ngokuthi isikhawu se-PF (Potential to Functional failure). Ukuhlonza ama-anomalies okuqala kule jika kuvumela amaqembu okulungisa ukuthi angenelele ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke umonakalo omkhulu.

Izimpawu zokuxwayisa zakuqala zilinganiswa kakhulu kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha isimo. Izigaba zokuqala zokukhathala okungaphansi komhlaba zikhiqiza ukukhishwa kwe-acoustic okuvama kakhulu, okuvame ukutholakala ebangeni le-ultrasonic elingu-20 kHz kuya ku-100 kHz, isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba noma yimuphi umonakalo obonakalayo ubonakale. Njengoba imifantu emincane engaphansi komhlaba isakazeka ebusweni futhi ibangele ukusabalala okuncane, ibhereyi izobonisa ijubane lokudlidliza elikhuphukile. Isibonelo, umshini osebenza kahle ku-1.5 mm/s RMS ungase ukhuphuke kancane kancane, ekugcineni wephule umkhawulo we-alamu we-ISO 10816 ongu-4.5 mm/s RMS wezisekelo eziqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kokungqubuzana kwendawo kuzobangela ukuphakama kokushisa, okuvame ukusunduza amazinga okushisa ezindlu zamabhereyi ngaphezu kwesisekelo esijwayelekile esingu-60°C kuya ku-80°C.

Umthelela ekuthembekeni, ukuphepha, kanye nezindleko

Imiphumela yokwehluleka kokuthwala okungancishisiwe idlula kakhulu izindleko zokuthenga zengxenye yokufaka esikhundleni. Ezimbonini zenqubo eqhubekayo, njengokucwengisisa nge-petrochemical, i-pulp kanye nephepha, noma ukukhiqizwa kukagesi, umthelela omkhulu wezezimali uqhutshwa isikhathi sokungasebenzi esingahleliwe. Ukuthathwa okukodwa kwentela okuyingozi empahleni ebalulekile kungamisa umugqa wokukhiqiza wonke, kubangele izindleko zokukhiqiza ezilahlekile ezisukela ku-$10,000 kuya ngaphezulu kuka-$100,000 ngehora, kuye ngokuthi isikhungo sikhipha malini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehluleka kwebhereyitha okuyingozi kuletha izingozi ezinkulu zokuphepha kanye nezingozi zemishini yesibili. Ibhereyitha elibanjiwe lingabangela ukugundwa komgodi, ukubhujiswa kokuxhuma, kanye nomonakalo ohlangene kuma-gearbox abizayo noma ama-motor stator kagesi. Ezisetshenzisweni zesivinini esikhulu, ukungqubuzana okukhulu okudalwa ngesikhathi sokwehluleka okukhulu kungaphakamisa amazinga okushisa adlule iphuzu lokukhanya kwegrisi, kudale ingozi enkulu yomlilo.

Izimbangela Ezivamile Zokwehluleka Kokuthwala

Nakuba umkhawulo oyisisekelo wokuphila kwebhereyi ulawulwa ukukhathala kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukuhlaziywa kokuhluleka kwangempela kubonisa ukuthi izingcindezi zangaphandle yizona eziyinhloko. Izilinganiso zokuphila kwebhereyi ...

Izifundo zokuthembeka kwemboni zibonisa njalo ukuthi cishe u-80% wazo zonke izinkinga zokuthwala ngaphambi kwesikhathi zihlobene ngqo nokugcotshwa okunganele noma okungafanele. U-20% osele usatshalaliswa kakhulu phakathi kokungcola, amasu okufaka angafanele, kanye nokulayisha ngokweqile kwemishini. Ukubhekana nalezi zimbangela eziyinhloko kudinga ukuqonda okujulile ngemingcele ye-tribological kanye neyemishini yama-rolling element bearings.

Ukwehluleka kokugcoba nokungcola

Ukwehluleka kokugcobakwenzeka lapho ifilimu kawoyela ye-elastohydrodynamic (EHD), ehlukanisa izinto ezigingqikayo nemigwaqo yomjaho, iphuka. Le filimu incane ngendlela emangalisayo—ngokuvamile ephakathi kwama-micrometer angu-0.1 no-1.0—kodwa kumele imelane nokucindezela kokuthintana okungaphezu kuka-1,000 MPa (145,000 psi). Uma i-lubricacy viscosity iphansi kakhulu ekushiseni kokusebenza, noma uma amafutha engafakwanga kahle, kuvela ukuthintana kwensimbi nensimbi, okuholela ekugugeni nasekungcoleni kwe-glue. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukugcotshwa ngokweqile kwemigodi okungaphezu kuka-30% kuya ku-50% wevolumu yabo yamahhala kubangela ukujikijelana okukhulu, okungasheshisa amazinga okushisa okusebenza angaphezu kuka-100°C, kusheshiswe ukushiswa kwamafutha kanye nokuwohloka kwe-soap thickener.

Ukungcola kusebenza njengenhlanganisela ekhuhlayo ngaphakathi kwe-bearing cavity. Ukungcola kwezinhlayiya eziqinile kulinganiswa kusetshenziswa ikhodi yokuhlanzeka ye-ISO 4406. Ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-hydraulic noma olujikelezayo lwamafutha ezingeni eliphezulu lokungcola, njenge-ISO 21/18/15, kuphoqa izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu endaweni yomthwalo, kudala ukuphakama kokucindezeleka kwendawo futhi kufiphaze imigwaqo yomjaho. Ukunciphisa izinga lokuhlanzeka kube yizinga eliqinile, njenge-ISO 16/14/11, kungandisa impilo yokuthwala. Ukungcola koketshezi kuyabhubhisa ngokulinganayo; ukuba khona kwamanzi ancibilikisiwe angu-0.002% (20 ppm) kuphela ku-lubricant kunganciphisa impilo yokukhathala ye-L10 kuze kufike ku-48% ngenxa yokuqothuka kwe-hydrogen kwensimbi yokuthwala.

Ukungalungi kahle, ukugcwala ngokweqile, kanye nokungalingani kahle

Ukuphambuka kwemishini kusuka kumapharamitha okuklama afanele kuthinta amabheringi kuya emandleni angaklanywanga ukuze amelane nawo. Ukungalungi kahle phakathi kweshafu kanye nendlu kuyimbangela evamile yomthwalo onqenqemeni. Lapho ukungalungi kahle kwe-angular kudlula umkhawulo ovunyelwe webheringi—ngokuvamile kuqine njenge-radians engu-0.001 (1 milliradian) yeamabheringi ebhola elijulile—umthwalo uphoqeleka emaphethelweni aphezulu ama-roller kanye nemigwaqo yomjaho. Lokhu kugxila kokucindezeleka kwendawo kudlula kakhulu amandla okukhiqiza kwezinto, okuholela ekuqhekekeni okusheshayo kanye nokuqhekeka kwekheji.

Ukulayisha ngokweqile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kumile noma kunamandla, kusheshisa ukwehluleka kokukhathala. Ngokusho kwe-basical bearing life equation (L10 = (C/P)^p, lapho u-C kuyisilinganiso somthwalo oguquguqukayo, u-P uwumthwalo olinganayo oguquguqukayo, kanti u-p uyi-exponent yohlobo lokuthwala), impilo ilingana ngokuphambene ne-cube yomthwalo wama-ball bearing. Ukwanda okungu-20% kuphela komthwalo osetshenzisiwe (P) kunciphisa impilo elindelwe ye-bearing cishe ngo-50%. Ukulingana okungekuhle kwenza lezi zinkinga zibe zimbi kakhulu. Ukulingana kwe-shaft okuqinile kakhulu kuzokwandisa indandatho yangaphakathi ngokukhanya, kususe ukuvuleka kwangaphakathi okubalulekile futhi kubangele ukuqhuma kokushisa. Ukulingana okukhululekile kakhulu kuzoholela ekutheni indandatho yangaphakathi inyakaze noma ijikeleze ku-shaft, okubangela ukugqwala okukhulu kanye nokuguga okukhulu.

Amaphutha okufaka nokuphatha

Iphutha lomuntu ngesikhathi sokufakwa lilimaza ngokushesha ubuqotho besakhiwo sebhereyi entsha. Iphutha elivame kakhulu lokuphatha ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okushaya ngqo emasongweni okuthwala. Ukushaya ibhereyi ngesando sensimbi, noma ukusebenzisa amandla okufaka ngokusebenzisa izinto ezigoqayo (isb., ukucindezela indandatho yangaphandle ukufaka ibhereyi kushafu), kubangela ukuqhuma kwangempela kwe-brinelling. Lokhu kubonakala njengokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki okuhlala njalo emigwaqweni yomjaho, okubekwe endaweni efanele endaweni yokugoqa kwezinto ezigoqayo, okonakalisa unomphela ibhereyiyi ngaphambi kokuba ijikeleze.

Amasu okushisa angafanele nawo adala umonakalo ongenakuguqulwa. Ngenkathi ukwanda kokushisa kuyindlela ejwayelekile yokufaka ama-bearings afanele ukuphazamiseka, ukusebenzisa umthombo wokushisa ongalawulwa njengethoshi le-oxy-acetylene kudala ama-gradients okushisa asendaweni aqine kakhulu. Ukushisa insimbi ejwayelekile yokuthwala (isb., i-AISI 52100) ngale kuka-120°C (248°F) kushintsha isakhiwo sayo se-metallurgical microstructure. I-austenite egciniwe iguquka ibe yi-martensite, okubangela ukungazinzi kobukhulu kanye nokulahlekelwa unomphela kobunzima bezinto ezibonakalayo, okonakalisa kakhulu amandla okuthwala umthwalo webheya.

Ukulawula Ukugcotshwa Nokungcola

Ukulawula ukuthambisa nokungcola okuphumelelayo kwakha ungqimba oluyisisekelo lwanoma yiliphi isu lokuthembeka kwamabhere asebenzayo. Inhloso eyinhloko ukugcina isimo esithile se-tribological: isilinganiso se-Lambda. Lesi silinganiso siqhathanisa ubukhulu befilimu yokuthambisa ye-elastohydrodynamic nobulukhuni bendawo ehlanganisiwe yemigwaqo yomjaho wamabhere nezinto ezigoqekayo.

Isilinganiso se-Lambda esingaphansi kuka-1 sibonisa ukugcotshwa komngcele ngokuxhumana okuvamile kwensimbi nensimbi, kuyilapho isilinganiso esingaphezu kuka-2 sibonisa ukuhlukaniswa kwefilimu egcwele uketshezi, lapho impilo yokukhathala ikhuliswa khona. Ukufeza nokugcina lesi silinganiso se-Lambda esifanele kudinga ukukhethwa okunembile kokugcotshwa, izikhawu zokusetshenziswa okuhlelekile, kanye nokukhishwa okuqinile kwezinhlayiya kanye nokungena komswakama.

Ukukhetha i-lubricant efanele kanye ne-viscosity

Ukukhetha i-lubricant efanele kudinga ukubala ubuncane be-kinematic viscosity edingekayo ekushiseni okuqondile kokusebenza kwe-bearing. Lokhu kuqhutshwa ngokuyinhloko ububanzi be-pitch ye-bearing (dm) kanye nesivinini sayo sokujikeleza (RPM). Isibonelo, i-bearing enobukhulu obuphakathi esebenza ku-1,500 RPM ingadinga uwoyela we-ISO VG 68 ekushiseni okujwayelekile kokusebenza okungu-60°C. Kodwa-ke, uma indawo ezungezile isunduza izinga lokushisa lokusebenza liye ku-90°C, uwoyela uzoncipha kakhulu, okudinga ukushintshela ku-viscosity ephezulu, njenge-ISO VG 220, ukuze kugcinwe ubukhulu befilimu obudingekayo.

Ngale kwe-base oil viscosity, ukukhethwa kwesistimu yokujiya kanye nephakheji yokwengeza kubalulekile. Ezisetshenzisweni ezisindayo noma ezisheshayo lapho isilinganiso se-Lambda siwela ngaphansi kuka-1, izithasiselo ze-Anti-Wear (AW) kanye ne-Extreme Pressure (EP) ziyadingeka ukuze kwakhiwe izendlalelo zamakhemikhali ezivikelayo ebusweni bensimbi. Lapho kukhethwa amafutha, izinga lokuvumelana le-National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI) kumele lihambisane nokusetshenziswa; amafutha e-NLGI 2 ajwayelekile kuma-motor amaningi kagesi, kuyilapho i-NLGI 1 noma i-0 ethambile ingadingeka ezinhlelweni ze-auto-lube eziphakathi ezisebenza ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwe-zero ukuvimbela izinkinga zokumpompa.

Ukusetha izikhawu zokuphinda kugcotshwe

Ukuguquka kusuka ekugcobeni okusekelwe kukhalenda kuye ezikhawulweni zokuvuselela kabusha okuklanyiwe kuyisici esibalulekile sezinhlelo zokuthembeka ezithuthukisiwe. Imvamisa yokuvuselela kabusha kumele ibheke uhlobo lwebhere, usayizi, isivinini, izinga lokushisa lokusebenza, kanye nobunzima bemvelo. Njengomthetho oyisisekelo, kukho konke ukwanda okungu-15°C ekushiseni kokusebenza okungaphezu kuka-70°C, isikhathi sokuvuselela kabusha kufanele sinqunywe phakathi ngenxa yesilinganiso sokusheshisa kwe-oxidation samafutha ayisisekelo.

Okubaluleke ngokulinganayo ukulawulwa okunembile kwevolumu yokuphinda kufakwe uketshezi. Ifomula yemboni eyamukelwa kabanzi yokubala inani elifanele lokugcwalisa kabusha yi-V = D × B × 0.005, lapho i-V ingumthamo wamafutha ngamagremu, i-D ingububanzi bangaphandle be-bearing ngamamilimitha, kanti i-B ingububanzi be-bearing obuphelele ngamamilimitha. Ukusebenzisa izibhamu zamafutha ze-ultrasonic kungathuthukisa le nqubo. Ngokuqapha ukukhishwa kwe-acoustic okuvame kakhulu ngesikhathi sangempela ngenkathi kupompa uketshezi, ochwepheshe bangayeka ukugcoba lapho amandla e-acoustic ehla aye esisekelweni esibushelelezi, okubonisa ukugcwalisa kabusha kwefilimu okuhle ngaphandle kokucindezela kakhulu i-cavity noma ukucima izivalo ze-shaft.

Ukusebenzisa izivalo, ukuhlunga, kanye nezinhloso zokuhlanzeka

Ukukhipha izinto ezingcolisayo zangaphandle kuvame ukuba ngcono kakhulu kunokuzama ukuzihlunga ziphume ngemva kokungena. Ukukhethwa kwezimbozo zezindlu zokuthwala kusho ukuzivikela emvelweni. Izimbozo zokuthintana (njengezimbozo zezindebe) zinikeza ukuvikelwa okuhle kakhulu ekungeneni koketshezi kodwa zinqunyelwe yimikhawulo yesivinini somphetho womshafu (ngokuvamile cishe ngo-10 kuya ku-15 m/s) ngenxa yokungqubuzana kanye nokukhiqizwa kokushisa. Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zesivinini esikhulu, izimbozo ze-labyrinth ezingathintani noma izimbozo ze-magnetic bearing ziyadingeka. Lezi zimbozo zinikeza ukuvikelwa okulinganiselwe yi-IP66 ngaphandle kokuguga ngokomzimba, zisebenzisa amandla e-centrifugal kanye nezindlela zangaphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi zokukhipha izinto ezingcolisayo.

Ezinhlelweni zikawoyela ezijikelezayo, kumele kusetshenziswe imigomo eqinile yokuhlunga. Ukusebenzisa izihlungi ezinesilinganiso esiphezulu se-Beta (isb., i-Beta > 1000 yezinhlayiya ezingu-5-micron, okusho ukuthi isihlungi sisusa u-99.9% wezinhlayiya ezingu-5 micron nangaphezulu) kuqinisekisa ukuthi uketshezi luhlala luhlanzekile. Ukuphatha indawo eyinhloko yama-reservoirs oketshezi ngama-desiccant breathers nakho kuyadingeka ukuvimbela umswakama ozungezile ukuthi ungangeni ngaphakathi kwamafutha.

Ukuqondanisa, Ukulayisha, kanye Nokufaka Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu

Ukunemba komshini okudingekayo ukufaka ama-bearings ezimboni kushiya umkhawulo ongenalutho wokuhumusha okucashile. Ama-bearings akhiqizwa ngokwezinga elifanele lokubekezelelana, ngokuvamile alinganiswa ngama-microns nje (izinkulungwane zemilimitha). Ngenxa yalokho, imiphini kanye nezindawo ezihambisana nala ma-bearings kumele zilungiswe ngomshini futhi zilungiselelwe ukubekezelelana okuhambisanayo.

Ukuphambuka ekuhleleni, ukusatshalaliswa komthwalo okungafanele, noma izindlela zokufaka ngamandla amakhulu kuzosusa ngokushesha inani lezingxenye ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nokugcotshwa okuphezulu. Ukusungula inqubo yokufaka ejwayelekile nelawulwa kakhulu kuyimpoqo ekuvimbeleni ukufa kwasebuntwaneni emishinini ejikelezayo.

Ukuphatha umgodi, indawo yokuhlala, ukulayisha kusengaphambili, kanye nokususa

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwebhereyitha, ishafu, kanye nendlu bulawulwa yizimiso zokulingana kanye nokususwa kwangaphakathi. Amashafu ngokuvamile afakwa ngomshini kumakilasi athile okubekezelelana kwe-ISO (njenge-j5, k5, noma i-m5) kuye ngobukhulu bomthwalo nokuthi indandatho yangaphakathi iyajikeleza yini. Ukulingana kokuphazamiseka ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuze indandatho ejikelezayo ivimbele ukukhukhuleka. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuphazamiseka kwandisa ngokoqobo indandatho yangaphakathi, kudla ingxenye ye-radial internal clearance (RIC) yebhereyitha.

Onjiniyela kumele bachaze indawo yokuqala efanele—njenge-C2 (eqinile), evamile, i-C3 (ekhululekile), noma i-C4 (ekhululekile kakhulu)—ukuze bavumelane nalokhu kwanda. Isibonelo, i-bearing ejwayelekile ye-C3 deep groove ball bearing ene-bore engu-50 mm ingaba nendawo yokuqala engafakwanga engu-15 kuya ku-33 micrometer. Ngemva kokuphazamiseka kokufakwa kwe-shaft kanye nokwanda kokushisa ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuzinzile, indawo yokusebenza ingase yehle iye esimweni esiseduze no-zero noma esincane sokulayisha kusengaphambili (isb., ama-micrometer angu-2 kuya ku-5). Ukubala kabi lokhu kwanda okuguquguqukayo nokusebenzisa i-bearing evamile yokuvula ekusetshenzisweni kokushisa okuphezulu kuzoholela esimweni esibi sokukhipha, okubangela ukulayisha kwangaphambili kwangaphakathi okubi kakhulu, ukungqubuzana okukhulu, kanye nokubanjwa ngokushesha.

Ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okufaka afanele kanye nezindlela zokushisa

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngesikhathi sokufaka kumele kuhlukaniswe ngokuphelele nezinto ezigoqekayo. Ukuze kufakwe amabheringi amancane abandayo (ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwembobo engu-50 mm), amakhithi amathuluzi okufaka akhethekile asebenzisa amasongo okuthinta kanye nemikhono aqinisekisa ukuthi amandla asetshenziswa ngesikhathi esisodwa kuzo zombili izindandatho zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, okuvimbela ukucwiliswa komswakama. Ukuze kufakwe amabheringi amakhulu adinga ukulingana okuphazamisekile, ukunwetshwa kokushisa kuyindlela ekhethwayo.

Izinga lomkhakha lama-heating bearings ukusetshenziswa kwe-induction heater elawulwa yi-microprocessor. Lawa madivayisi afudumeza indandatho yangaphakathi ngokulinganayo ngenkathi eqapha izinga lokushisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ayidluli umkhawulo obalulekile ongu-110°C (230°F). Okubaluleke kakhulu, ama-induction heater anamuhla asusa ngokuzenzakalelayo i-bearing ekupheleni komjikelezo wokushisa ibe ngaphansi kuka-2 A/cm; ukwehluleka ukususa i-magnetization i-bearing kuzoyibangela ukuthi idonse izinhlayiya zokuguguleka kwe-ferrous ngesikhathi sokusebenza, okusheshisa ukuguguleka okukhulu.amabheringi e-roller ayindilingaKufakwe kuma-shaft anciphile, ama-hydraulic nuts kanye nendlela yokushayela i-axial. Le ndlela isebenzisa ingcindezi ye-hydraulic ukushayela i-bearing phezulu kwe-taper, inciphisa isikhala sangaphakathi ngokulinganisa okuqondile kwe-micrometer ukuze kufezwe ukulingana okuphelele kokuphazamiseka.

Ukulawula i-torque kanye nomonakalo wokufakwa

Ukubopha indlu yamabhereyitha nokuqinisa izindlela zokukhiya kudinga ukunamathela ngokuqinile ezimisweni ze-torque. Ukuqina okungalingani kwemigqa ehlukanisiwe yendlu noma izembozo zokuphela kungaphazamisa indandatho yangaphandle yebhereyitha, kudale iphuzu lokuncinza elincinza izinto ezigoqayo njengoba zidlula endaweni yomthwalo. Ochwepheshe kumele basebenzise ama-torque wrench alinganisiwe futhi balandele ukulandelana kokuqinisa kwephethini yezinkanyezi ukuqinisekisa amandla afanayo okuncinza.

Umonakalo wokufakwa uhlanganisa nemicimbi yokugcwala ngokweqile okumile ngenkathi umshini ungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi. Ukuthutha imishini esindayo ngesitimela noma ngeloli ngaphandle kokuvimba kahle i-rotor kungafaka ama-bearings amile emiphumeleni yokudlidliza okukhulu. Lesi simo, esaziwa ngokuthi i-brinelling engamanga, sibangela amamaki okuguguleka kwe-microscopic fretting endaweni eqondile yezinto ezigoqekayo ngenxa yokungabikho kwefilimu kawoyela ye-hydrodynamic evikelayo ngesikhathi sokudlidliza okumile. Ukuvimbela lokhu, ama-rotor anesisindo samathani amaningana kumele avinjwe ngokuphephile, noma ama-bearings kumele abekwe ngaphansi komthwalo osindayo we-axial ngesikhathi sokuthutha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukunyakaza okuncane.

Uhlelo Lokuvimbela Ukwehluleka Kokuthwala

Ukuguqula isikhungo kusuka esimweni sokusebenza esisheshayo kuya kwesehlulekile siye isu lokulungisa okubikezelayo (i-PdM) kuyindlela yokuzivikela ephelele ekulweni nesikhathi sokungasebenzi esihlobene ne-bearings. Uhlelo lokuvimbela ukwehluleka kwe-bearings olusemthethweni luhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha isimo, ukuhlaziywa okuqinile kokwehluleka, kanye nokuphathwa komjikelezo wokuphila oqhutshwa idatha.

Imbuyiselo ekutshalweni kwezimali kwezinhlelo ezinjalo inkulu kakhulu. Idatha yokuthembeka kwezimboni ikhombisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa uhlelo oluphelele lwe-PDM kunganciphisa izindleko zokulungisa ngo-25% kuya ku-30%, kususe ukonakala okungalindelekile okufika ku-75%, futhi kwandise isikhathi esimaphakathi phakathi kokwehluleka (i-MTBF) kwezimpahla ezijikelezayo ezibalulekile ngeminyaka.

Ukulandelela ukudlidliza kanye nezitayela zokushisa

Ukuqapha isimo okuqhubekayo noma okusekelwe emzileni kuyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuxilonga ohlelweni lokuvimbela. Ukuhlaziywa kokudlidliza, ikakhulukazi ukumboza noma ukususwa kwemvamisa ephezulu, kuvumela abahlaziyi ukuthi bahlukanise amaza athile okukhubazeka kwebhereyi. Ibhereyi ngayinye inezamvamisa ezihlukile zokwehluleka ngokusekelwe kujometri yayo: I-Ball Pass Frequency Outer (BPFO), I-Ball Pass Frequency Inner (BPFI), I-Ball Spin Frequency (BSF), kanye ne-Fundamental Train Frequency (FTF). Ukuthola ukuphakama ku-BPFO, isibonelo, kuqinisekisa isici emgwaqweni womjaho wangaphandle.

Ukusungula imikhawulo ye-alamu eqondile kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale idatha esebenzisekayo. Umkhuba ovamile wemboni usetha i-alamu Yesaziso ngokunyuka okuphindwe kabili ngaphezu kwe-baseline vibration amplitude, okukhuthaza ukuqapha okuseduze nokuhlolwa kokugcoba. I-alamu ye-Fault noma ye-Action ivuselelwa ngokunyuka okuphindwe kathathu kuya kane (isb., ukugxuma kusuka ku-2.0 mm/s kuya ku-8.0 mm/s RMS), okubonisa isidingo sokuhlela ukushintshwa ngokushesha. I-Thermography igcwalisa idatha yokudlidliza; ukuskena okuvamile kwe-infrared kwezindlu zokuthwala kungabona ngokushesha izimpahla ezisebenza ngaphandle kwezivikelo zazo zokushisa eziklanywe ngobunjiniyela, kubike ukugcotshwa okungaphezu kwamandla, ukugcotshwa okunganele, noma izinkinga zokungalungi kahle ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukuwohloka kwemishini.

Ukuhlola amaphethini okuguguleka kanye nezimbangela eziyinhloko

Uma ibhereyi ekugcineni isusiwe ekusebenzeni, akufanele ilahlwe ngokushesha.ukuhlaziywa kwembangela yokuhluleka(RCFA) engxenyeni eyonakele kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukwehluleka okuphindaphindiwe. Izinga le-ISO 15243 linikeza uhlelo oluphelele lokuhlukanisa umonakalo wamabhere kanye namaphethini okuguguleka, lihlukanisa ukwehluleka ngezigaba ezifana nokukhathala, ukuguguleka, ukugqwala, ukuguguleka kukagesi, ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki, kanye nokuqhekeka.

Ukuhlola indlela yendawo yomthwalo ngaphakathi kwebhereyi kuveza izinkomba ezibalulekile mayelana nezimo zokusebenza komshini. Indlela evamile yomthwalo ebhereyini lebhola elijulile eligcwele imisebe idlula kancane ngaphansi kwama-degrees angu-180 lizungeze indandatho yangaphandle engashintshi. Uma ukuhlolwa kwembula indlela yomthwalo egobile kakhulu ohlangothini olulodwa, kubonisa ukungahambisani kahle okukhulu kwe-angle. Uma indlela yomthwalo ihlanganisa wonke ama-degrees angu-360 endandatho yangaphandle, ibhereyi yayisebenza ngaphansi komthwalo wangaphakathi onzima noma ukulingana okuqinile kwendlu. Ukuhlolwa kwe-microscopic kungahlukanisa phakathi kokuguga okunamandla (izindawo ezithambile, eziqandisiwe ezibangelwa ukungcola kwezinhlayiya) kanye nokuguga okunamathelayo (ukugcotshwa kanye nokudluliselwa kwensimbi okubangelwa ukujiya okunganele kwefilimu yokuthambisa).

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele

• Gada ukudlidliza, izinga lokushisa, i-ultrasound, kanye nesimo sokugcoba ukuze uthole amaphutha okuthwala ngesikhathi se-PF ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukwehluleka kokusebenza.
• Sebenzisa uhlobo olufanele lokugcoba, ubuningi, kanye nesheduli yokugcoba kabusha ngoba izinkinga zokugcoba zingenye yezindlela ezisheshayo zokulimala kwamabhereyi ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
• Vimbela ukungcola ngezivalo ezifanele, ukuphathwa okuhlanzekile, kanye nokugcinwa okulawulwayo ngoba ukungcola, umswakama, kanye nemfucumfucu kungalimaza imigwaqo yomjaho kanye nezinto ezigoqekayo.
• Landela izinqubo ezifanele zokufaka kanye nemikhuba yokulungisa ukuze ugweme ukucwiliswa komswakama, ukusatshalaliswa komthwalo okungalingani, ukucindezeleka komgodi, kanye nokukhathala kwasekuqaleni.
• Khetha amabheringi ngokusekelwe kumthwalo wangempela, isivinini, indawo, kanye nezidingo zokunemba kunosayizi wodwa ukuze uthuthukise impilo yesevisi kanye nokuthembeka.
• Phatha amazinga okushisa ezindlu akhuphuka ngaphezu kwesisekelo esijwayelekile kanye nemikhuba yokudlidliza esondela emikhawulweni ye-alamu njengezimbangela zokulungisa, hhayi izinguquko ezincane zokusebenza.

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Yiziphi izimbangela ezivame kakhulu zokwehluleka kwamabhere?

Izimbangela ezivame kakhulu zifaka phakathi ukugcotshwa okungekuhle, ukungcola, ukufakwa okungafanele, ukungahleleki kahle, umthwalo omningi, kanye nokukhethwa kwamabherethi okungafanele ukusetshenziswa.

Ngingazi kanjani ukuthi i-bearing iqala ukwehluleka?

Izimpawu zokuxwayisa zakuqala zifaka phakathi ukudlidliza okwandayo, umsindo ongavamile, ukwakheka kokushisa, ukushintsha kombala wamafutha, ukusebenza kahle komshini okuncishisiwe, kanye nokukhishwa kwe-ultrasound ngaphambi kokuba kuvele umonakalo obonakalayo.

Kungani ama-bearings amaningi ehluleka ngaphambi kokufinyelela impilo yawo ekalwe?

Nakuba amabheringi amaningi enzelwe impilo ende yokukhathala ye-L10, ukwehluleka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kuvame ukubangelwa izimo zokusebenza ezifana nokungcola, ukulayisha ngokweqile, ukugcotshwa okungekuhle, noma amaphutha okufaka.

Kufanele kugcotshwe kangaki amabheringi?

Izikhawu zokugcoba zincike ohlotsheni lwebhereyi, isivinini, umthwalo, izinga lokushisa, kanye nendawo ezungezile. Landela isiqondiso somkhiqizi bese ulungisa ngokusekelwe ekuqapheni isimo, ukuhlaziywa kokugcoba, kanye nobunzima bokusebenza.

Ingabe ukukhetha okulungile kokuthwala kunganciphisa ingozi yokwehluleka?

Yebo. Ukukhetha uhlobo olufanele lwebhereyitha, isilinganiso somthwalo, izinto zokwakha, ukususwa kwebhereyitha, kanye nomklamo wokuvala kusiza ukufanisa ibhereyitha nezimo zokusebenza zangempela futhi kuvimbele umonakalo ongagwenywa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.